The Glasgow Climate Pact is the first-ever climate deal to reduce coal, the worst fossil fuel for greenhouse gases.
The deal also pushes for more urgent radiation cuts and ensures more money for developing countries - to assist them in adapting to climate outcomes. But the pledges don't go far enough to limit temperature rise to 1.5C.
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A commitment to phase out coal that was included in earlier negotiation drafts led to a dramatic finish after India and China led opposition to it.
India's climate minister Bhupender Yadav asked how developing countries could pledge to phase out coal and fossil fuel subsidies when they "still have to deal with their development agendas and poverty eradication".
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Eventually, countries admitted to "phase down" rather than "phase out" coal amid expressions of frustration by some. COP26 President Alok Sharma said he was "deeply sorry" for how events had unfolded.
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He held back tears as he told delegates that it was necessary to protect the deal as a whole.
UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said he hoped the world would "look back on COP26 in Glasgow as the beginning of the end of climate change".
"There is still a huge amount more to do in the coming years. But today's agreement is a big step forward and, critically, we have the first-ever international agreement to phase down coal and a roadmap to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees," he said.
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Meanwhile, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said the planet was "hanging by a thread". "We are still knocking on the door of the climate catastrophe... it is time to go into emergency mode - or our chance of reaching net-zero will itself be zero."
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As part of the agreement, nations will meet next year to guarantee further significant carbon cuts to reach the 1.5C goal. Current promises, if accomplished, will only limit global warming to about 2.4C.
If global temperatures rise by more than 1.5C, scientists say the Earth is likely to experience critical effects such as millions more people being exposed to extreme heat.
"We would like to express our profound disappointment that the language we agreed on, on coal and fossil fuels subsidies, has been further watered down," Swiss environment minister Simonetta Sommaruga said. "This will not bring us closer to 1.5C, but make it more difficult to reach it."
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The climate summit was also used as a stage to advertise leftists' agendas. One fellow, standing outside the room where Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is offering one of her vaguest lectures, wears a shirt emblazoned with the satire-proof message: "Trans Nonbinary Liberation Is Eco-Justice!"
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