On March 20, 1980, Mount St. Helens was rocked by a magnitude 4.2 earthquake, followed a week later by the beginning of steam venting. On May 18, a second earthquake of magnitude 5.1 ignited a catastrophic collapse of the mountain's northern flank, unleashing a massive debris avalanche that devastated an area of 230 square miles and spewing more than 1.5 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. This was the largest recorded debris avalanche in history.