These celestial bodies have been identified through the analysis of data collected by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), revealing 56 of these 'Ultra-red Flattened Objects' that had previously evaded detection by older telescopes, such as Hubble.
According to the Daily Mail, the elusive nature of these galaxies can be attributed to the clouds of dust and debris that shroud them, effectively concealing the light emitted from their inner star systems. However, the JWST, equipped with advanced infrared-light detection technology, has managed to capture striking images of these glowing discs, situated approximately one million light-years away from our planet.
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Researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder (UCB) have utilized these images and computer simulations to propose that these UFO galaxies bear a striking resemblance to our own Milky Way in terms of size and shape, albeit being 'much dustier.' Justus Gibson, the lead author of the study, expressed the significance of this discovery, stating, "JWST allows us to see this type of galaxy that we never would have been able to see before. It tells us that maybe we didn't understand the universe as well as we thought."
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Gibson further elucidated that these galaxies appear red due to their minimal emission of visible light. The majority of the light escaping from these galaxies is infrared radiation, with the scant visible light they emit being at the threshold of human perception. To determine the shapes of these large, red UFO galaxies, the team employed a combination of computer simulations, neural network emulators, and mathematical models. The findings suggested that these galaxies take on forms akin to classic 'flying saucers' and rugby ball-shaped 'prolate spheroids.'
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The researchers found that each of these massive galaxies, emitting red light and infrared radiation, contains approximately 50 times more dust than the Milky Way. Erica Nelson, a study co-author, expressed her bewilderment at this discovery, questioning, "Why on Earth do these galaxies have so much more dust than all the other galaxies? Got me."
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The team's conclusion, drawn after considering data from a vast array of better-documented galaxies, suggests that the stars and planets within these UFO galaxies are obscured by thick clouds of dust. This conclusion was reached after rigorous comparison of this data with the total mass of stars in each UFO galaxy and the changes in the quality of light and infrared radiation emitted at each galaxy's center compared to its edges.
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The team's findings, published in The Astrophysical Journal, indicate that the faint red light emitted by these UFO galaxies is a result of masking by dust and debris, rather than the faint light typical of very distant galaxies thought to have formed during the universe's earliest epochs.
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The researchers also estimated the rate of new star formation within these UFO galaxies, a factor that could influence the light they emit. Gibson and his co-authors noted that the UFOs studied are not extreme objects in regard to stellar mass, star formation rates, or redshift. Instead, these once hidden UFOs are simply 'thoroughly red objects whose optical faintness is largely driven by dust.'
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In addition to the UFO galaxies, astronomers have also discovered three ultra-massive, red-light emitting galaxies, referred to as 'Red Monsters.' These celestial bodies, nearly as large as the Milky Way, are situated much farther from Earth and closer to the site of the Big Bang. Both the Red Monster and the UFO galaxies challenge current theories of galaxy formation, suggesting that galaxies formed much earlier than previously calculated and that gravity may not pool all the matter that swirls a young galaxy together into neatly defined planets and stars, leaving a significant amount of dust and debris behind.
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Dr. Nelson, assistant professor of astrophysics at CU Boulder, expressed her astonishment at these discoveries, saying, "They're so visually striking. They're enormous red discs that pop up in these images, and they were totally unexpected. They make you say, 'What? How?'" These findings, while perplexing, open up new avenues for understanding the universe and its mysteries, reminding us that there is still much to learn about the cosmos.
